Proceso agrario en Bolivia y América Latina

El material esta distribuido en cinco partes. La primera está referida a los resultados y perspectivas de la Reforma Agraria en Bolivia. Está dividida en tres temáticas: la Reforma Agraria en las Tierras Altas, la Reforma Agraria en las Tierras Bajas y la Reforma Agraria en el Chaco. La segunda parte contiene las intervenciones realizadas por los invitados extranjeros sobre los resultados y perspectivas de la Reforma Agraria en América Latina y en México, Perú y Ecuador. La tercera parte corresponde a las intervenciones de los representantes de las organizaciones indígenas y campesinas bolivianas, que fueron invitados para debatir el tema Tierra, Democracia y Poder. Esta parte esta precedida por un recuento general de la situación de los Movimientos Indígenas-Campesinos en América Latina y sus perspectivas. La cuarta da cuenta de las intervenciones hechas por los representantes de las organizaciones de productores agrarios, campesinos y empresarios, quienes fueron invitados para debatir el tema Tierra, Economía e Integración. La última parte es una síntesis de las ideas y aspectos relevantes producto de las exposiciones y de las preguntas de los asistentes al seminario, que dejaron una estela de inquietudes e iniciativas que son el eslabón para futuros debates en otros espacios de reflexión en diferentes lugares del país, con la participación de actores y pensadores, operadores y promotores del desarrollo rural.Presentación 7; Introducción 8; La Reforma Agraria abandonada: valles y altiplano, Miguel Urioste F. de C. 19; Medio siglo de Reforma Agraria boliviana, Danilo Paz Ballivián 53; La tierra es de quien la trabaja, René Salomón Vargas 65; La Reforma Agraria en las tierras bajas de Bolivia, Carlos Romero Bonifaz 83; Lógicas de ocupación territorial en la agricultura y la forestería empresarial en las tierras bajas, Alan Bojanic 127; Antecedentes, situación actual y recomendaciones en la tenencia de la tierra en el oriente boliviano, Cámara Agropecuaria del Oriente 137; 50 años de la Reforma Agraria en el Chaco boliviano, Oscar Bazoberry Chali 145; Resultados de los cambios introducidos por la Reforma Agraria, Erwin Galoppo von Borries 177; La Reforma Agraria en Bolivia y el MST, Ermelinda Fernández Bamba 191; La Reforma Agraria en América Latina, Jacques Chonchol 205; De rústicas revueltas: Añoranza y utopía en el México rural, Armando Bartra 223; Reforma y contrarreforma agraria en el Perú, Laureano del Castillo Pinto 255; Reforma Agraria en el Ecuador, Fausto Jordán B. 285; 50 años después, emergencia étnica, Xavier Albó 321; Tierra, mujer y desarrollo, María Machaca 329; Tierra y territorio comunitario, Bienvenido Zacu 333; Tierra, migración y colonización, José Luis Méndez Chaurara 341; Tierra, coca y desarrollo, Dionisio Núñez 355; Tierra para todos, Ángel Durán 359; Tierra y producción orgánica, Mario R. Cordero Camacho 367; Tierra y producción campesina, María Julia Jiménez 377; Tierra y Territorio y Políticas para la Tierra, Elizabeth Jiménez Zamora 385; Ideas y aspectos relevantes del Seminario, John D.Vargas Vega 429

Sex-specific reproductive behaviours and paternity in free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

In a wide variety of species, male reproductive success is determined by contest for access to females. Among multi-male primate groups, however, factors in addition to male competitive ability may also influence paternity outcome, although their exact nature and force is still largely unclear. Here, we have investigated in a group of free-ranging Barbary macaques whether paternity is determined on the pre- or postcopulatory level and how male competitive ability and female direct mate choice during the female fertile phase are related to male reproductive success. Behavioural observations were combined with faecal hormone analysis for timing of the fertile phase (13 cycles, 8 females) and genetic paternity analysis (n = 12). During the fertile phase, complete monopolisation of females did not occur. Females were consorted for only 49% of observation time, and all females had ejaculatory copulations with several males. Thus, in all cases, paternity was determined on the postcopulatory level. More than 80% of infants were sired by high-ranking males, and this reproductive skew was related to both, male competitive ability and female direct mate choice as high-ranking males spent more time in consort with females than low-ranking males, and females solicited copulations mainly from dominant males. As most ejaculatory copulations were female-initiated, female direct mate choice appeared to have the highest impact on male reproductive success. However, female preference was not directly translated into paternity, as fathers were not preferred over non-fathers in terms of solicitation, consortship and mating behaviour. Collectively, our data show that in the Barbary macaque, both sexes significantly influence male mating success, but that sperm of several males generally compete within the female reproductive tract and that therefore paternity is determined by mechanisms operating at the postcopulatory level

The role of psychopathic traits, social anxiety and cortisol in social approach avoidance tendencies

Social anxiety and psychopathy have conceptually been linked to nearly opposite emotional, behavioral and endocrinological endophenotypes, representing social fearfulness and fearlessness, respectively. Although such a dimensional view has theoretical and practical implications, no study has directly compared social anxiety and psychopathy in terms of emotional experiences, relevant hormones (i.e. cortisol, testosterone) and behavioral tendencies (i.e. social approach-avoidance). Therefore, the present study examined 1) whether self-reported social anxiety and psychopathic traits are indeed anticorrelated, and 2) whether social anxiety, psychopathic traits, cortisol, testosterone and their interplay are differentially linked to social approach-avoidance tendencies. In a well-powered study, a sample of 196 healthy female participants, we assessed self-reported emotional and behavioral tendencies of social fear (i.e. social anxiety and social avoidance) and psychopathic traits (i.e. Factor I [interpersonal-affective deficit] and Factor II [impulsive behavior]). Furthermore, hormone levels were assessed, and approach-avoidance tendencies towards emotional (angry, happy) facial expressions were measured by means of a joystick reaction time task. Results confirmed that self-reported emotional tendencies of social anxiety and psychopathy Factor I (interpersonal-affective deficit) correlated negatively, but self-reported behavioral tendencies (social avoidance and psychopathy Factor II [impulsive behavior]) correlated positively. Furthermore, Structural Equation Modelling demonstrated that participants with higher social anxiety and higher cortisol levels showed an avoidance tendency towards happy faces, while participants with higher psychopathic traits showed an approach tendency towards angry faces. In sum, the notion that social anxiety and psychopathic traits are opposing ends of one dimension was supported only in terms of self-reported emotional experiences, but a comparable relationship with regard to behavioral and endocrinological aspects is debatable. The current findings stress the necessity to study emotional, endocrinological and behavioral factors in unison in order to better understand the shared and distinctive mechanisms of social anxiety and psychopathic traits

Psychopathic tendency in violent offenders is associated with reduced aversive Pavlovian inhibition of behavior and associated striatal BOLD signal

BACKGROUND: Violent offenders with psychopathic tendencies are characterized by instrumental, i.e., planned, callous, and unemotional (aggressive) behavior and have been shown to exhibit abnormal aversive processing. However, the consequences of abnormal aversive processing for instrumental action and associated neural mechanisms are unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Here we address this issue by using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 15 violent offenders with high psychopathic tendencies and 18 matched controls during the performance of an aversive Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer paradigm. This paradigm allowed us to assess the degree to which aversive Pavlovian cues affect instrumental action and associated neural signaling. RESULTS: Psychopathic tendency scores were associated with an attenuation of aversive Pavlovian inhibition of instrumental action. Moreover, exploratory analyses revealed an anomalous positive association between aversive inhibition of action and aversive inhibition of BOLD signal in the caudate nucleus of violent offenders with psychopathic tendencies. In addition, psychopathic tendency also correlated positively with amygdala reactivity during aversive versus neutral cues in Pavlovian training. CONCLUSION: These findings strengthen the hypothesis that psychopathic tendencies in violent offenders are related to abnormal impact of aversive processing on instrumental behavior. The neural effects raise the possibility that this reflects deficient transfer of aversive Pavlovian inhibitory biases onto neural systems that implement instrumental action, including the caudate nucleus